Internal combustion engine



May 20, 1941. A. NAccAcHE INTERNAL ooMBUsTIoN ENG'INE 4 sheetslsnee't 1Filed `March 8, 1959 -May 20, 1941. A. NAccAcHE I Y 2,242,538

. `INTERNAL. coMBUsTIoN ENGINE Filed March 8, 1939 4 sheets-sheet 2 I il,

I l l l Y f f May 20, 1941. A. NAccAcHE INTERNAL coMBUsTIoN'A ENGINE 4'Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed March 8,- 1939- @imag/7,37%.

VMaly 20, I1941. A. NACCACHE 2,242,538

' INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Fled March 8, 1939 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 ffy?Patented May 20, 1.941

'INTERNAL coMBUs'rloN ENGINE Albert Naccache, Beirut, Lebanon yApplication In Lebanon March 8, 1938 l14 claims. (cl. 12s-75) Thepresent invention relates, in a general manner, to explosion'andinternal combustion engines of al1 kinds. v

The object ofthe invention is to provide an Y engine of this kind ofhigher efficiency than the engines made up to the present time,owing toa better utilization of the Vdifferent parts of theY working cycle ofthe'en'gine.

The invention is based upon the following considerations: f .n

The compression and expansion curve, in the working diagram of.explosion and internal 'com-l bustion engines, showsthat, over certainportions thereof, corresponding to the. beginningiof the compressionandthe end of the expansion, an important variation of volume producesbut little work. Nowjin the engines of thepresent \tii'ne, thisvexpansion and compression work' is performed in the part of the enginelocated between the end of the piston and the cylinder head, that is tosay in a very expensive device designed for effecting a much moreimportant work. This involves a defective utilization of the power permass unit. In ordery to obviate this drawback, it is therefore necessaryto make use of suitable devices, of lightweight and low cost, forperforming the portions of the work which necessitate the displacementof a considerable volume while absorbing or producing but a small amountof energy. Y

Consequently, according to the present invention, the preliminarycompressions, which absorb a small amount of work but require aconsiderable volume displacement, are effected in parts of the enginewhich, up to now, performed no physical function. This ensures a'substantial increase of power per mass unit, since the portion of theengine located between the piston andthe cylinder head is relieved fromthis work. This pre-compression is, according to the present invention,effected preferably in the engine in part section March 8,1939, semi No.260,565

the cylinder will work as a two stroke compressor the'cyclic speed ofwhich is twice as fast as that of the ordinary/motor device with whichit -is` associated.

, On the other handfin an ordinary motor the increase in pressure at theend of the compression stroke and the correspondingly improvedeiliciency of the lmotor is checked due to the rise in temperatureoccasioned precisely by the increasedpressure. In order to relieve thischecking eiectthe :feeding matter having already been stronglycompressed within a'space distinct from thatk in which final compressioneffected, is cooled by-forcibly driving same through the piston whichacts as a refrigerating chamber. After leaving the piston and precedingits introduction into the space 'where final compression takes place,the feeding matteris subjected to an additional cooling treatment;Expansion may eventuallybe accomplished in separate devices which .maybe arranged in series vin a manner similar `to that described heretoforein connectionwwith the method of compressing the feeding matter.

l In applying the above theoretical considera-L tions, three distinctmotor types may be practically realized;

(l) A motor with single-acting cylinders in which preliminarycompression is accomplished within the motor.casing.

(2) A motor with cylinders having lower cylinder heads in whichpreliminary `compressionis itself, under the piston, either 'in thecrankcase,A

y or in vany extension of the cylinder especially ar.

' ing to the ordinary four-stroke cycle, and' the compressingdevicemoperatively connected with accomplished in the extension `of thecylinder The motors with single-acting cylinders or withA lowercylinderhead may be used and have given interesting practical results, 'but thecompound' combination, suitably realized by the use of cylinderswithfrontal cylinder heads, constitutes the main o bject of the presentinvention.

lOther features ofthe present invention will result from the followingdetailed descriptionl of some specific embodiments thereof. l

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will` be hereinafterdescribed, with reference to the accompanying drawings, given merely byway of example, and in which:

Figs.Vv 1 andl 1a, which complete each other.

correspondv to an axial vertical section of the engine accordingfto thepresent invention, with the pre-compressionperformed on the inside ofthe enginecrank'case;

Fig. 2 is a detail plan lview of the piston Vof the engine in partsection of Figs. 1 andla;

III-III Fig.7 isa vertical axial section of anenginevV in which thepre-compression is eiected not in the crankcase, but in a spaceespecially provided for forming a compressor, ink line' with thecylinder of the engine.

In Fig. 1, which shows a fourv strokeenginevv of .the usual type,reference numeral!!! ldesignates-the cylinder, Il the.v piston,.,l 2the-inlet valve lilthe connectingrodvandlvilgthe crank case. Accordingto the present invention, Ireduce the lvolume of the partot-the cylinderabove the piston and the volume available in the crankcase inythewfollowing manner: The space I ,5, locatedabove the middle Vwall i8of the'pistonis closed byiapiston headl Il ,screwedin the upper part ofthe piston so as to be yush with the top edge thereof. Above wthe middlewall I6, the

boss I8 oilthe connectingrodendis covered '.with.-

any aluminiumor `copper sheet I9, iixedp/the wall in a iiuidtightmanner, butleavingbetween it and boss I8 the play necessaryicnY thevfree movement of the connecting rodi, The feed air on its waytogvthecylinder will ilow through space I5, so that said air willgactfor cooling the piston from the inside. -In order. tg

`'obtanfthis cooling action,y I fix on the top "of:v plug a thin platect aluminium ork copper, rprovided with a pluralityoffribs-A{Lpreferably slightly curved as` shown` by Fig.v 4 foreii'ecting aI good distributionoi'air `along their own laces. `and alsoalongtheend element ysecured to the.;

piston. The general direction of, these ribs or ytins.ci'irresponds tothat of the i'eedair, stream. 1The inside volume of crankcase i4 islreduced as follows:

On the inside` the axial jplanein which connecting ,rod-.i3 is moving, apiecec22,(Fig.,3), of` iluidtightlcharacter and made ofmetaLwithlhulging parts23 ing in a sleeve 29 on the 'inside of the bodyof the distributor,y 3|, secured on the -side ot the engine. In thedistributor 2l, there are provided two passages or channels, to wit. ailrst one 3|, called an inlet passage, relatively wide `and extendingover a suitableangle forvconnec'tthe inlet conduit `32, which openstothe atmosphere, with the inlet orifice 33 which opens into thecrankcase. and another one, I4, slightly narrower, visible in Figs. 5and 6. adapted to connect conduit 35, coming from the crankcase.

Fig. 6, with the discharge conduit 35 visible ou Fig. 6. Referencenumeral' 31 designates a channel for oil under pressure, for`lubrication of the distributor. Ii desired, a suitable third passage orchannel may be provided in the distributing device. f I u' ,Thedischarge conduit 38v is connected4 through ja suitable channel `:al(Fig. 1). wmlI c nrstrccervoir 39 which constitutesQn. reserve of air.This reservoir communicates throughan 'outlet passage `twith an orice 4Iprovided in the wall oi'v, cylinder ill. Atthe same level asLoriilce 4Iand diametrlly .opposed thereto, there isvprovided infthe wallvoffcylinderjlll an aperture opening into a secondreservoir 43'the upperApart of which communicates with the conduit 44 through which the inletvalveJZ. of the engine'is n t of the piston and underlthe k niiddlewalli6, there is xed,- onqeither side'oI` (Fig. 1) which occupy A,acertainpartial volume between the smallfaces ofthe connecting rod andthe corresponding.opposedvfaces offthe piston. The sectionofthis piece22,l is visible .on Fig. 1. y

On the `inside yof t around the cylindrical peripheryfof 'thecrankshaft, a ring 24 made of a metal having facci-tain elasticity andwhichiltsin a `housing provided in lthe crankshaft. lThis elasticA ringis vsplit and it "fied with fuel mixture...Thisreservoir` 43ispreterably provided withfany knownlcooiing device shown at ,45; Therstmentioned reservoir may be cooled if deemed necessary.

In piston nare prcviqaftw trincee luid` 41, diametrallyopposedfto'eachother. and located at.the same 1evel,.both` of theseoriiices openinginto chamber II y and being y adapted, `for agiven position o! thepiston-,to vcommunii cate lsimultaneously with .the apertures 4l and 42oi thewall of the cylinder.,` ...1 t

, The device above described operatesin the iollowing manner' y M y,

,During` a v part of the downward stroke tot., plston Il,therotary'distributor `28separates, the

inner space ofthe casing both from the outer atmosphere andffrom thedischargec'onduit Il.

`The air present inthe crankcase is compressed. When the compression hasreached the desired degree; determined by the amplitudeandthe `posimoncr the passagcsm and [u 151:1thc-intram-4 tofr, the insides:tnecrankcgsejis ccnnectcd with 34 and the discharge. conduit andcompressed-air is sent into thefilrst reservoir-.33. `During the Vupwardstroke of piston/ll, 4the inside` of the crankcase again communicates ,lwith .the outer .atmosphere through `orifice J3 `and kthe passage cated:opposite rth'is'jc'rincc .u and the mime:

bears through its ends` z'ontheouterii'aces of;

journal `26. This deviceisappliedio the-ftwo inner cheeks of the'cylindricalcrankshait. 10W- ing to the reduction thusobtained oftheinner space "of 4the crankcase, ,the compressorA ensures ing thedesired'result. a

the degree of compression{necessaryffor obtain-y The valvesystem ofthe,compress()r.,may` bel oi any kind, with positively controlledvalves ornot. Apreferred embodiment of `this system is the rotary device shownzbyFigs. 1,.,5 nd of the drawings. On a secondary' shaft 2:1,ro`tating'atthe same speed as the driving. shaft, there is keyed a rotarycylindrical distributor 28,`turn y3 2,v Suctiontakesgplace andceases'when piston All is nearing thefend ofvitsupw'ard stroke,"at which' timedistributor 28 again' closes the orice 33. A

The compressed airstored ,in the tlrstreservoir 3S ,may be sent`direc'tly'to `the'linlet,valve ft2. However, it has been foundlthatitfis preferableto 'provide asecond reservoir,`, orintermediatc'reser- .voir 43,.chiefiy..in order to create means forcooll ing piston Il fromthe inside. VPlstonltili provided, as aboveexp1ained,'with two oricesv 4I and 41 diametrally foppose'd to eachother and provided inA the'wall thereof.'` `Everytime piston Il is atthe end `raf its downward stroke, as) shovfnbyFigs.,1,` Vand 1a.theseorices. 46 andk 4l are located opposite' the apertures 4I and 42 ofthe cylinder wall. A communication is then provided between reservoirs39' and 43 and air` on its way to reservoir 43 passes through thechamber l of the piston, passing metal sheet I3 and fins 2|, thusensuringan eilicient cooling of of the crankcase, is performed in thelower part of the cylinder itself. which then acts as compressorcylinder. 'I'his arrangement implies cerktain'modifications of theengine. Piston Il `is identical, as a whole, to that of a steam engine,

as shown by Fig. 7. but it is more especially arranged in such manner asto give the result' according to the present invention. In particular,it is provided, at the top of the added end part l1 screwed thereon,with fins 2l. It also includes two orices 46 andv 41, as aboveexplained, for coming opposite the orifices 4I and 42 of the cylinderwall. On the other hand, a supplementary inlet 48 is provided for air,including a small deflector 49, which sends the air entering thepassage-toward the bottom part of the piston so as to cool it. Radialribs 50 are provided in the portion of the piston located at the levelof this oriiice'48. Cylinder I0 is closed, at the bottom, by an endpiece 5I through which passes, with the interposition of a packingmember, piston rod 53 connected with a cross-head 54-slid ing betweenguideways 55 provided on the engine frame. This cross-head 54 isconnected in the usual manner to the driving connecting rod 56. 'Ihecompressor, constituted by piston Il, the lower part of cylinder l0 andend part 5I, is provided with the samedistribution system as that ofFig. 1. In other words, it includes a rotary distributor 28 whichconnects the inside of cylinder l0 alternately with-the outer atmosphereand reservoir 39. The engine is provided `with the two' reservoirs 39and 43 and its operation, concerning the use of pre-compression, is thatdescribed with reference to'Figs. 1 and la. Distribution bygmeans of arotary valve can, of

by Fig. 7, oils which may have penetrated into the piston throughapertures 46 and 48 are evacuated toward the guidewaysthrough a centralchannel 60 of the pistony rod 53, communicating atv the top throughsuitable apertures with the inside of the piston end, and 'at ythebottom, through other apertures, with the upper face of the cross-head,from which place the oil is led toward slideways 55.

Some of the many advantages of the invention are the following: Thepower per unit of mass and the ileld of utilization are considerablyincreased, as compared with those of the engines used at the presenttime. This results mainly from the fact that the cooling of the pistonis far beyond the cooling that could be obtained up to thepresent, theincrease in cooling being approximately ten times greater in compoundengines. Also, in compound engines, preliminary compression-and coolingof the feeding matter enables of reducing its volumetric value in theproportion of at least six to one before its admission to the upper partof the high-pressure cylinder a temperature of only 15 C. above the roomtemperature, while in all other engines this temperature, with the samevolumetric decrease is about' 240 C. above the normal temperature. Underthese conditions it becomes possible to considerably increase the flnalpressure and therefore the efficiency of the engine, as well inexplosion motors as in internal combustion engines. 4The cost ofconstruction' per unit of power is greatly reduced. The cruising radiusis much greater, in the case of engines applied to aviation andautomobiles, and, especially, in the case of automobile vehicles, thecost of transportation is reduced.

In a general manner, while I have, in the above description, disclosedwhat I deem to be practical and emcient embodiments of the presentinvention, it should be well understood that I do not wish to be limitedthereto as there might be changes made inthe arrangement, dispositionand form of the parts without departing from the principle of thepresent invention as comprehended within the scope of thel appendedclaims.

What I claim is:

1. A four-stroke internal combustion engine which comprises, incombination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposedsides of said cylinder respectively, an inlet conduit for said cylinder,a hollow` piston movablein -said A cylinder, means, operativelyconnected with said piston, for compressing air into one of saidreservoirs, and means for connecting the other reservoir with said inletconduit, said piston being adapted 'to connect said two reservoirswitheach I other for a portion of the stroke of said piston.

2. A four-stroke internal combustion engine which comprises, incombination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposedsides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet-conduit for saidcylinder, a hollow piston movable in said cylinder, a two-strokecompressor including said piston adapted to work with a cyclicl` speedequal to twice that of said engine, for compressing air into one of saidreservoirs, and means connecting the other reservoir with said inletconduit, -said piston being adapted to connect said two reservoirs witheachother for a portion of its stroke.

3. 'A four stroke internal combustion engine, which comprises, incombination, at least one cylinder, :two reservoirs, located on opposedsides of -said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for saidcylinder, a hollow piston movable iny said cylinder, a compressor,including said piston, a vcrankcase for said engine, and means forfilling a. portion of said crankcase for reducing the inner volumethereof, for compressing air into one of said reservoirs, and .meansconnecting the other reservoir with said inlet conduit, said pisrtonbeing adapted to connect said two reservoirs with each other for aportion of its stroke.

4. A four stroke internal vcombustion engine, which comprises, incombination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposedsides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for saidcylinder, a hollow piston movable in said cylinder, a compressorincluding said piston for compressing air 4into one of said reservoirs,a

rotary distributor operatively connected with said engine and turning atthe same speed associated with said compressor, 'andmeans connecting theother reservoir with-said inlet conduit, said piston being adapted toconnect said two reservoirs with each other for a portion of its stroke.y

5. A four stroke internal combustion engine, which comprises, incombination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs located on opposedsides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for saidcylinder, a'hollow piston movable in said cylinder, acomptessor,including said piston, a crankcase forsaid engine, Vand means for nllinga portion of said crankcase for reducing .fthe volume of the insidethereof, for compressingair Massa stroke oi' `said piston, and coolingns carried into one of said reservoirs, a rotary distributor voperatively connected with Ysaid engine and turning at the same speedassociated with said compressor, and means connecting the otherreservoir with said inlet conduit, said piston kbeing adapted to connectsaid two reservoirs with each other for a portion of its stroke.

`6. A four-stroke internal combustion engine whichcomprises, incombination,` at least one cylinder, twovreservoirs located on oppositesides of said cylinder respectively, an inlet conduitior said cylinder,a hollow piston movable in said cylinder, means, operatively connectedwith said piston, `for .compressing air into one'of Asaid reservoirs,and means for connecting the other reser' voir with said inlet conduit,said cylinder `being l .provided with apertures communicating withsaid.l reservoirs, respectively, and 'said piston `being provided withports adapted to l cooperate with said apertures, respectively, soV aslto connect said two reservoirs witheach other for a portion of thestroke of said:piston.

7. A four stroke internal combustion engine which comprises, incombination. at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on oppositesides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit rfor saidcylinder, a hollow piston movable in,r said cylinder, a two-strokecompressor including-.said piston adapted to work with a cyclic speedequal to twice that of said engine, for compressing air. into one ofsaid reservoirs, Vand means connecting the other `reservoir with saidinlet conduit, saidf:

cylinderbeing providedwith apertures communieating with said `tworeservoirs respectively, and said piston being provided` writh portsadapted tocooperate with said apentures, respectively, so as to connectsaid two reservoirs with each oth'er for a' portion vof the stroke ofsaid piston. v

8. A fourwstroke internal 4combustion engine which comprises, incombination, at least oney cylinder, inlet means for said cylinder,ahollow piston movable in said cylinder, a transverse partition wallextending through said4 piston below the piston head and providing achamber therebetween,l means, operatively connected with said piston,for compressing air, means for conveying the air compressed by saidmeans through the chamber in said piston to saidv inlet means,and'cooling means carried upon the inner vwalls of said chamber in saidpiston, saidcooling means including tins, composed' of a metal diiierentfrom said piston and extending throughout said chamber in the directionofthe ilowl of coml pressed air therethrough. a

`9. A four stroke internal combustion lengine which comprises,in/combination, .at least'one cylinder, two reservoirs, locatedonopposed sides of said cylinder, respectively, anl inlet conduit forsaid cylinder, means, operatively connected with said piston, forcompressing air into one of said reservoirs, means for connecting theother 10. A four by the inner wall of` said piston and extending in thedirection from one of said ports to the other.`

which comprises, in combinatiomat least one cylinder, two reservoirs,located on opposed sides of said cylinder, respectively, an inletconduit for vsaid `cyllndenta hollow piston movable in said cylinder,means` operatively connected ,with v said piston, for compressingairinto one'of said reservoirs, means for coolingat least one of saidreservoirs,and means for connecting the reservoirv opposed `to thatintovwhich air `is, compressed by Vsaid compressing means, with saidinletconduit, said plstonbeing adapted to connect saidl two reservoirswith each other for a portion ofthe stroke of said piston.`

11. A iour stroke internal combustionv engine whichy comprises,4 incombination, at least one cylinder. two reservoirs, located on opposedsides of said cylinder, respectively, an inlet conduit for saidcylinder, a hollow piston movable in said cylinder,v acompressonincluding an extension of said ycylinderandapiston rigidlyconnected with said nrst mentioned piston, for compressing V'air intoone of said reservoirs,4 and means vcon- 'necting the other `reservoirwith said inlet conduit, .said piston being adapted to'connect said tworeservoirs with each other for aportionoi vits stroke. -l l y f 12.'Aiour stroke ,internal combustion` engine which comprises. incombination, at least one cylinder, two reservoirs, located on opposedsides of Vsaid cylinder, respectively, aninlet conduit for saidcylinder,y a `hollow piston movable in said 'cylindera compressor,including an extension of said cylinder andi-a piston rigidly connectedwith `said iirst mentioned piston, for compressing air into one ofvsaidreservoirs, a rotary vdistributor operatively connected with saidengine and -turning'at'the same sped associated with said for saidcylinder,A a hollow piston movable in said cylinder, acompressor,includinganextenslonoi said cylinder and a piston rigidly`connected Vwith said first mentioned pistonffor reservoir with saidinlet conduit, said ycylinder being- 4provided with two diametrallyopposed apertures communicating with said reservoirs, respectively andsaid piston being provided with r:two ports adapted to cooperate withsaid twoy apertures, respectively, so as to connect said two reservoirswith each other for a portion ofthe compressing air Linto one of saidvreservoirs,'al. rotaryy distributor operatively connected with saidengine and turning atthe same speed assoelated with said compressor, andmeansconnecting the other reservoir with said inlet conduit. saidcylinder being provided 4with two jdiametrally" opposed`apertures.communicating Jwith said reservoirs, respectively, andsaidpiston being provided with two ports adapted44 to coopcrate withrsaid two apertures,}respectively, so

las to connect said two reservoirs with eachother for a'portion of'thestroke of said piston.

14. A four stroke internal combustion engine v, according to claim 13,lnwhich said pistonis provided with a supplementary orifice,Y and a de.

ilector associatedI therewith, for sending scavenging l air onto ltheend of saidplston,

" NACCACH,

stroke 4internal combustion engine

